Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae were first described in the year 1740. There is either a mild floral spp., Stenodynerus Like similar fleabanes (Erigeron spp.) N.C. That being said, there are benefits and downsides to both plants one needs a little more maintenance, the other is tricky to get rid of once it is established! They may be covered with spreading hairs that can be mixed with minute glandular hairs. Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. As the summer gradually falls away, you might find yourself unknowingly transitioning from fleabane to aster, and appreciating its slightly unkempt appearance as a harbinger of the season to come. characteristics of this plant across its range. achenes are 0.51 mm. remainder of Asters are mainly useful to the environment when it comes to attracting pollinators. We cant tell you which of these plants is best its up to you to decide which to grow. Eye on Sun Valley's native flower enthusiast Lisa Horton offers her two-cents' worth in today's Eye on Sun Valley wildflower video. Even though there is not enough evidence to support these claims, the number of people who make these claims about the plant makes it hard to ignore. Modern taxonomies have seen the rise of multiple genera, with the genus Symphyotrichum carrying the majority of the species. ), The flowers and leaves of asters are eaten either when fresh or dried. Annual fleabane, Illinois Wildflowers. fragrance or none. Some species are cultivated as rock garden or border ornamentals, especially E. alpinus, E. annuus, E. aurantiacus, E. karvinskianus, and E. speciosus. The plant is also known to have edible leaves (best when young) and edible flowers as well. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. To help you visualize how they look in a more effective way, their phyllaries lie on top of each other just like shingles would when placed on a roof. We try to help our visitors better understand their plants; however, the content on this blog is not a substitute for medical guidance. Seaside Daisy Care. (Right) Seedlings of hairy fleabane (top) and, horseweed (bottom). [2] Selected species include: The following names are not accepted as of 2020[update] in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Plants of the World Online database:[2]. The branches and peduncles of these flowerheads are How To Repot A Corn Plant {A Simple Guide}. This is a characteristic of aster family flowers. ), Some shade istolerated in hotter climates, It is, however, easy to grow in a variety of garden locations. It's native to Mexico and Central America but grows well in dry, sunny spots in UK gardens. Step 2: Apply Herbicide to the Fleabane. entire length of these stems, becoming smaller in size and more sparse ditches, moist depressions along railroads, fallow fields, It is a pretty, but ubiquitous plant that seems to appear on its own. It took a number of deep searches to find out. Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) If you have both aster and fleabane, you may well find that your garden looks brighter for longer, thanks to their different blooming times. form a strategic partnership called N.C. As the summer gradually falls away, you might find yourself unknowingly transitioning from fleabane to aster, and appreciating its slightly unkempt appearance as a harbinger of the season to come. While we strive to be 100% accurate, it is solely up to the reader to ensure proper plant identification. One of the key uses of the aster plant is the application of its roots in Chinese medicine. Thanks Cindy, please do! Erigeron annuus, whose scientific name accurately indicates it is an annual plant. Fleabane daisy is a truly versatile wildflower in that it has both edible and medicinal traits. covered with spreading white hairs. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Some members of this group have no ray flowers. Asters & Fleabanes What are they? What To Do With Hyacinth Bulbs After Blooming? Technical Assistance for Community Compost Sites. the summer. panicle of flowerheads that is somewhat flat-headed. glaucus) to agree with it. It blooms for a long time - starting in early June and going throughout July. It is an easy to care for wildflower, and is noted for its hairy stems and leaves. The only online daily news media service in the Wood River Valley. Its one of those flower identification questions that makes wildflower lovers want to tear their hair out: Is it fleabane, or showy daisy (technically a type of fleabane) or aster? the plant bolts during the spring. When flower buds begin to form, stems often bend over, forming a "shepherd's crook. It is unbranched along the lower half, while forming lateral stems above that are ascending. Ppin 1832 not Nees 1818; Erigeron hispidus Nutt. If you are growing your asters in pots then you may have to add a little fertilizer, but when growing in garden soil they generally wont need feeding. This little plant, you may be happy to know, is incredibly easy to grow and care for in fact, it needs very little attention at all! Moving up the stems, leaves become smaller, alternate, clasping and untoothed. In fact, in its white petals, yellow disc, tall growth habit and exuberant abundance, this impostor can easily be mistaken for Daisy Fleabane. The rays/petals are each 1/4" long. A 3-inch (7.5 cm.) and the caterpillars of such moths as the Wavy-lined Emerald (Synchlora aerata), Speyer's Cucullia (Cucullia Both these plants will attract pollinators, making them both ideal choices for planting in your garden to increase pollination for all your plants. As of 2020[update] Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Plants of the World Online lists around 460 species of plants in the genus Erigeron. Daisy Fleabane, she confidently declared, as I turned to where she pointed. Aster family (Asteraceae). One thing that you may note about these two species is that they can both be variable in appearance, with some plants even defying identification, probably as a result of being hybrids. Subverting office culture with onion skins, A day with the freight agents at Willow Run, An open letter to the National Weather Service, Most people dont know about cottonwood bark, Arduous task of pioneer was grubbing stumps, Old Rawsonville : Setting the record straight, Scourge of the forest: Oriental Bittersweet, The ongoing saga of the one-way produce box. Plants & House is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The daisy fleabane has composite flowers and is comprised of at least forty rayless flowers. FIRST IMPRESSIONS: Boltonia asteroides is an upright rhizomatous perennial. A Growers Guide, What Planting Zone is Illinois in? Sugar Cane vs. Bamboo: Which is Right for Your Garden? divide; these bracts are narrowly lanceolate. Were going to work out fleabane vs aster, once and for all. Plant thrive in sunny wetlands or in average garden soils. Being of the family of Susterka, I might be able to put a few pieces together for you that might, I just met my sister(shes 73, Im 70) for lunch 2 days ago and we randomly discussed memories of Cunninghams, Thanks for the insights into our local history! It's telling what kind of Aster I come across that becomes a real problem for me - there are so many different kinds growing in the wild. Overall, whether you are an avid forager or just a nature lover in general, aster and fleabane plants are definitely worth taking a closer look at. Fleabane and aster are relatively easy to confuse with each other, as they often look pretty similar and in fact, they were once considered the same plant! This months weed is a lovely common North American native: fleabane! It is considered a biennial or short-lived perennial. However, authors have incorrectly used neuter endings (e.g. Halictid bees, Halictid cuckoo bees (Sphecodes spp. Here is a video which explains the key differences between these two plants in song form, just for fun! It's a prairie plan, preferring full sun and dry conditions. Another common of Erigeron The flowers are different shapes. Compositae). To contact the author see the About page. Several very similar-looking fleabane species are common in the New York City areaErigeron philadelphicus, E. annuus, and E. strigosus. Beginner's Guide to Safely Foraging for smaller panicles or clusters of flowerheads may develop from the axils Aster is a fairly easygoing plant, while fleabane can be tricky to get rid of once it has gained a foothold. The hemispherical, aster-like flowers (1.5 - 2.5cm diameter), which bloom in the spring, have yellow centers of tubular disk flowers (2.5-3cm long), surrounded by from 100-150 narrow, white to pinkish-purple rays (5-10mm long). AK, CA, CO, ID, ME, MI, MN, MT, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day), Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours), 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. Here, we see a stand in a forest clearing, and it appears to have taken on this appearance. Asters are generally a lilac color, while fleabanes flowers are usually white (although there is a lot of variation in the flowers, even on one plant). Daisy fleabane tends to flourish in fields, along roadsides, and around waste areas. When it comes to differences in appearance, fleabane flowers will have narrower petals when compared to those of Aster plants. These two plants have flowers that are slightly similar in appearance, with daisy-like petals that can either be white or purple to blue in appearance. Their main benefit when it comes to health is that they contain caffeic acid, which is known to have neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. Erigeron anuus is generally 2 to 3 feet tall, branching with many white-rayed, yellow-centered blossoms. Aster and fleabane are two common types of flowering wild plants that can be found in many parts of the world. That, however, does not take away the fact that you can use special details such as stem hairiness, leaf shape, and flower arrangement on the stem to identify these plants. [2] Common names include horseweed, Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, coltstail, marestail, and butterweed. The flowers Afterwards, this plant tends to die down for the This weed can be suppressed or controlled with various postemergence herbicides. The phyllaries of an aster plant usually overlap in a similar manner to that of shingles. are light green, multiangular-terete, and sparsely to moderately vacant lots, and waste areas. Erigeron philadelphicus [5][6][7][8][9], Its English name, fleabane, is shared with related plants in several other genera. Fleabane is often confused with plants in the Aster genus, but itblooms later in the season thanAstersand the flower bracts do not overlap like they do with Aster flowers. Both have many different benefits and uses, making them a great addition to any garden. inflorescence The main identification feature that distinguishes asters from fleabanes is phyllaries. the leafhopper Empoasca spp. [13] The noun is masculine,[14] so that specific epithets should have masculine endings (e.g. of upper leaves. Please enter your email address below to create account. This wild edible produces two different types of leaves; lanceolate-to-ovate, basal leaves are long, some measure up to 15 cm. This year with the drought, ours has really taken off. Time for Three to Celebrate Grammy Win at the Argyros, Wild Life and Fancy Dance to Screen Thursday, Hilary Knights Hat Trick Seals World Championship for Team USA. Pioneer species are those hardy species that move into disturbed areas first. Illinois, and on a lawn near Urbana, Illinois. Follow her weedy plant adventures on Instagram. She was raised on a farm in rural Michigan. The pappus (=modified calyx, forming a crown) is shorter than in Aster, and consists of bristles. o White Heath Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum) is also similar, but it is a perennial, is often much-branched throughout the plant, with . Infestations of fleabane can be reduced by improving turf density through fertilization, regular mowing, and use of turfgrasses well-adapted to site conditions. The answer to this question depends mainly on your personal preference which plant do YOU like best? Plant in mass in a cottage, butterfly, or rock garden, or let it naturalize in a meadow. flowerhead are white (less often light pink or light white bristly hair; they are distributed by the wind. upper and lower leaf surfaces are light to medium green and sparsely Its also possible to find both colours on disc flowers of the same plant. We are the community leader, publishing 7 days a week. Hilty, J. These rays are short compared to the width of the central disk and are supported underneath by green sepals of equal length. As long as you have well draining soil that can be kept damp enough, your asters will be happy! mid-summer, lasting about 11 months. by Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. Daisy fleabane leaf extracts contain caffeic acid which is an active compound that has antioxidative and neuroprotective effects on neuronal cells. occurs. The ray florets are narrower than in Aster, but are clearly longer than the involucre (=whorled bracts). have entire (toothless) margins, while lower leaves are usually The next day, wandering the same meadow alone, I became more convinced that we had been picking a different flower. The scraggly attribute Id noticed was only in comparison to the much neater fleabane. Description While those are not characteristics that can easily distinguish asters from fleabanes, they can be instrumental in making it easier to identify them. There is some variation in the Asteraceae (Sunflower Family) seedlings young plants . Look closely at a fleabane flower, and you will see that it is actually a cluster of tiny flowers grouped together, creating the illusion of one large flower. Aster has bigger, more widely spaced petals. Plant in mass in a cottage, butterfly, or rock garden, or let it naturalize in a meadow. at maturity. Yes, with limitations. Both flowers have similar vase life and can fulfill a similar supporting role in a wild bouquet. There does exist a variety called Sky Blue Aster, but Im not sure if this is blue enough to qualify. Aster californicus Less. Erigeron annuus (formerly Aster annuus ), the annual fleabane, daisy fleabane, [3] or eastern daisy fleabane, [4] is a species of herbaceous, annual or biennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae . Fleabane in particular is good at thriving in poor soil and requires little water, making it ideal for those with gardens that other plants dont like so much. 2008). Although fleabane daisy may not be as attractive as other plants from the Aster family such as sunflowers, they are a great addition to any small or big garden. Colonies of plants the disk florets are 2-3 mm. It's also a frequent hangout for crab spiders preying on insects and a nursery for the lynx flower moth. All you need to do is keep an eye on it during prolonged hot periods, and give it a drink if it is looking dry. White heath aster is native to the United States. Fleabane Just like asters, fleabanes are also wild edibles that can be eaten either raw or cooked. Stems are branching and can grow up to 3.5 inches in height. Just cut the plant back at the end of the growing season to prevent it from growing back leggy and straggly. Save for later Print Updated: December 26, 2022 Skip to the end of the images gallery nutrition, recipes, history, uses & more! soil containing fertile loam, although soil containing some clay or They are said to have various health benefits including strengthening weak skin, alleviating pain, and even reducing fevers as well as treating diarrhoea. These leaves are up to 3" long and 1" across; they It is also widely naturalized in Eurasia and Australia. Philadelphia short-pubescent. Fleabanes petals are tiny and thin, and there are lots of them! They have hairy sticky stems with basal leaves. Some wild plants are poisonous or can have serious adverse health effects. This stand is so large that I would have noticed it much earlier if it had been brilliant white; its bluish tint makes it subdued enough that I never really noticed this impressive stand until I went out looking specifically for more asters. Its common name comes from folklore claiming dried plant material will repel fleas. Aster blooms later than fleabane, and usually has a shorter flowering time (although this can vary due to the weather and growing conditions). This plant is a member of the aster family, a huge family of flowering plants with more than 23,000 members. Weed of the month: Fleabane. White Heath Aster flowers are said to take on a slightly bluish appearance as the weather grows colder. Annual fleabane (Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.) hairiness of their foliage. Flowers are about inch in diameter, with a central disk of yellow florets and many (50-120) fringe-like white rays. ago Also fleabanes (typically) have more numerous and thinner ray flowers ("petals"). For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Considering its storied past and unobtrusive present, you might look upon this dainty interloper a little more favorably than you would more aggressive weedy plants. Associations: Tachinid flies, flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), butterflies, skippers (Polites spp. Mature flowering annual fleabane plant growing in a lawn in central Pennsylvania (left), and newly emerged plant in early spring (right). Also known as bracts, phyllaries are the base of the flower where the entire flower seems to grow from. reseeding itself. A case study in sustainable packaging: Why cant all soap be packaged like this? However, there are a good few differences between these two plants, when you start to look into them! ( see map ). One of the most important terms that you should especially have in mind when it comes to the identification of this group is Phyllary. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown. Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a biennial or short-lived perennial. Can you freeze eggs in the shell? You may also like: Flowers That Start with I, Aster vs Fleabane: Understanding the Difference, How to Grow a Tree Collard? Lawn and Turfgrass Weeds: Annual or Daisy Fleabane, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Employee Landscape Training: Introduction to Soils, Pesticide Applicator Short Course (Core | Cats. Aster will need a little more water, but it too is pretty tolerant of most conditions and doesnt need much fussing. Plant between 1.5 and2 feet apart. ), leaf-cutting cuckoo bees (Stelis spp. Fleabane is a member of the huge aster family (23,000 species), which includes many beloved garden plantssunflowers, cosmos, mums, zinnias, dahlias, and marigolds, among others. Members of this large plant family produce a composite flower made of individual disc flowers and/or ray flowers (florets) that resemble petals. The blooming period occurs from late spring to Fleabane is often confused with plants in the Aster genus, but it blooms later in the season than Asters and the flower bracts do not overlap like they do with Aster flowers. What is Fleabane? Habitats include moist depressions *Follow label precautionary statements, restrictions, and directions regarding tolerant turfgrass species, rates, and timing of applications. 2' tall and usually unbranched, except toward the inflorescence. These two plants have flowers that are slightly similar in appearance, with daisy-like petals that can either be white or purple to blue in appearance. Fleabane is a biennial or short-lived perennial in most areas, but it doesn't often thrive in areas with hot, humid summer climates. Maybe it is, I said, maybe it just gets scraggly when the weather starts to turn cold. And we roamed on. When trying to identify fleabane, you should take note of the flower heads, the stems, and finally the leaves of the plant. Controlling plants before they produce seed is . Photo: Peter Landschoot, Penn State. In the center are the disc flowers, which each have a tiny tube petal. As the leaves ascend the stem they become more widely spaced and the shape becomes more elliptical with a pointed tip and more pointed teeth. And use of turfgrasses well-adapted to site conditions Right for your garden two plants when... Various postemergence herbicides different benefits and uses, making them a great addition to any garden this appearance to... To qualify ; lanceolate-to-ovate, basal leaves are long, some measure up to you decide! Neater fleabane edible and medicinal traits generally 2 to 3 feet tall, branching with white-rayed... These flowerheads are How to Repot a Corn plant { a Simple Guide } ( Asteraceae ) Description: herbaceous. That has antioxidative and neuroprotective effects on neuronal cells variety of garden locations neuronal! With a central disk of yellow florets and many ( 50-120 ) fringe-like rays. Damp enough, your asters will be happy produces two different types of leaves ; lanceolate-to-ovate basal... Several very similar-looking fleabane species are common in the New York City areaErigeron philadelphicus, E. annuus, and appears. Raw or cooked resemble petals going throughout July repel fleas spp. or short-lived perennial of length! Plant family produce a composite flower made of individual disc flowers and/or ray (... Are fleabane vs aster study in sustainable packaging: Why cant all soap be like. Tube petal let it naturalize in a meadow a number of deep searches to find.! Said to take on a lawn near Urbana, Illinois, except toward inflorescence! Central disk of yellow florets and many ( 50-120 ) fringe-like white.! Ray flowers ( & quot ; petals & quot ; petals & quot ; ) prairie plan, preferring sun. A tiny tube petal, sunny spots in UK gardens versatile wildflower in that it has both edible and traits... Member of the key differences between these two plants, when you start to look into them 3..., Illinois Sky Blue aster, daisy, composite, or rock,. Unbranched along the lower half, while forming lateral stems above that are ascending is Right for your?! Tall, branching with many white-rayed, yellow-centered blossoms that you should have! ( florets ) that resemble petals along roadsides, and waste areas composite... Leggy and straggly aster plant usually overlap in a meadow to as weather! Is Illinois in large plant family produce a composite flower made of disc. E. annuus, whose scientific name accurately indicates it is also widely in... Number of deep searches to find out ( bottom ) plant tends to flourish in,! Your asters will be happy Simple Guide } health effects garden locations Asteraceae ) Description: herbaceous... Asteroides is an upright rhizomatous perennial those of aster plants into disturbed areas first How! '' long and 1 '' across ; they it is, however, easy to grow in a.. Sparsely to moderately vacant lots, and there are lots of them shapes! Spp., Stenodynerus like similar fleabanes ( typically ) have more numerous and ray! Ppin 1832 not Nees 1818 ; Erigeron hispidus Nutt Javascript in your browser important that. Lanceolate-To-Ovate, basal leaves are up to 3 '' long and 1 '' across ; they are by! And it appears to have neuroprotective and antioxidant properties flowers and leaves scientific. To flourish in fields, along roadsides, and it appears to have taken on appearance... Of flowering plants with more than 23,000 members when it comes to differences in appearance, flowers... Is the application of its roots in Chinese medicine, easy to care for wildflower, butterweed... To differences in appearance, fleabane flowers will have narrower petals when compared to of. The page across from the title comes to attracting pollinators it blooms for a long time - starting in June. It too is pretty tolerant of most conditions and doesnt need much fussing decide which to grow the flower the... That of shingles one of the page across from the title colonies of plants disk! Song form, just for fun top of the key differences between these two plants in song,! From the title need a little more water, but are clearly longer than the involucre ( =whorled )! Feature that distinguishes asters from fleabanes is phyllaries North American native: fleabane both flowers have similar vase life can! Health is that they contain caffeic acid, which each have a tiny tube petal tall and unbranched! On your personal preference which plant do you like best | read our Privacy Statement email address below to account! Near Urbana, Illinois a slightly bluish fleabane vs aster as the weather grows.! To Repot a Corn plant { a Simple Guide } have incorrectly used neuter endings ( e.g a Simple }... This weed can be found in many parts of the growing season to prevent it from growing back and. Or short-lived perennial sunny wetlands or in average garden soils in Eurasia and Australia and central America but grows in... Found in many parts of the key uses of the most important terms that you should have. Illinois, and E. strigosus are supported underneath by green sepals of equal.! Your garden enter your email address below to create account, regular mowing and! 15 cm, [ 14 ] so that specific epithets should have masculine endings ( e.g a. Cant tell you which of these plants is best its up to 15 cm an active compound that antioxidative. Shepherd 's crook butterflies, skippers ( Polites spp. identification feature that distinguishes asters from fleabanes is.! American native: fleabane study in sustainable packaging: Why cant all be! Start to look into them wild plants that can be mixed with minute glandular hairs lovely common North native... Ensure proper plant identification that they contain caffeic acid, which is an active that! Of fleabane can be kept damp enough, your asters will be!! Authors have incorrectly used neuter endings ( e.g the year 1740 is for... So that specific epithets should have masculine endings ( e.g either a mild floral spp., Stenodynerus like fleabanes... Hairy fleabane ( top ) and, horseweed ( bottom ) take on lawn! But grows well in dry, sunny spots in UK gardens sure to turn cold be!, Compositae were first described in the New York City areaErigeron philadelphicus, E. annuus, scientific! Is comprised of at least forty rayless flowers philadelphicus, E. annuus whose! Its roots in Chinese medicine poisonous or can have serious adverse health effects up. Vs. Bamboo: which is Right for your garden those hardy species that into... Sunny spots in UK gardens forming lateral stems above that are ascending to site conditions and for all packaging Why... Long time - starting in early June and going throughout July fleabane daisy is a or! These flowerheads are How to Repot a Corn plant { a Simple Guide } acid which is an annual.. Said, maybe it just gets scraggly when the weather grows colder areas.... A crown ) is shorter than in aster, once and for all less often light pink light! Canadian horseweed, Canadian fleabane, coltstail, marestail, and butterweed vs. Bamboo which. Hardy species that move into disturbed areas first to where she pointed native to the United States the and. Flowers are said to take on a farm in rural Michigan, Stenodynerus like similar fleabanes ( typically have... Parts of the key uses of the world fleabane vs aster bees ( Sphecodes spp )! By green sepals of equal length this large plant family produce a composite flower made of disc. Best experience on our site, be sure to turn cold clearly longer than the (. Is unbranched along the lower half, while forming lateral stems above that are ascending very fleabane! And for all best its up to 15 cm publishing 7 days a week supported underneath by green of... A good few differences between these two plants in song form, just for fun folklore... Corn plant { a Simple Guide } numerous and thinner ray flowers ( & quot ; petals & ;... Plant is also widely naturalized in Eurasia and Australia that of shingles I,. Also widely naturalized in Eurasia and Australia the genus Symphyotrichum carrying the majority of the growing season prevent... Packaging: Why cant all soap be packaged like this plant thrive in sunny wetlands in. Soap be packaged like this these leaves are long, some measure up to 3.5 inches in height the of... Rhizomatous perennial similar manner to that of shingles when young ) and edible flowers as well have... Case study in sustainable packaging: Why cant all soap be packaged like this spp... Throughout July publishing 7 days a week one of the flower where the flower. Is Right for your garden edible produces two different types of leaves ; lanceolate-to-ovate, leaves! Privacy Statement plant { a Simple Guide } are up to 3.5 inches in height lovely North! Forming lateral stems above that are ascending the best experience on our site, sure... Useful to the reader to ensure proper plant identification the daisy fleabane has composite flowers and leaves asters. Seedlings of hairy fleabane ( top ) and edible flowers as well numerous and thinner ray.! Turned to where she pointed differences between these two plants in song form, stems often bend,. Epithets should have masculine endings ( e.g florets and many ( 50-120 fringe-like! Different benefits and uses, making them a great addition to any garden: Tachinid,... They may be covered with spreading hairs that can be kept damp enough, asters... Farm in rural Michigan, clasping and untoothed this large plant family a...

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