Our Bursary application forms are available from the Admissions Team, and must be completed and returned to the Director of Admissions no later than 1 September in the calendar year preceding entry. Please note: 2023 registration is now closed. Katalin00 from Balatonkenese in Hungary wrote: "Very friendly hosts, delicious breakfast and picturesque . This is a free service for our readers. University of Oxford student , Get the real inside story on quality of school life and extracurricular offerings at The school annually gets to the top of the ranks of educational . The Kings Scholarship examinations are sat in late April/early May when a boy is in Year 8. You will be able to express an interest in attending by completing an Enquiry Form on the website once dates are published. School Information. English Wycombe. Contact us today to discuss your requirements. Owing to its academic reputation and success Wycombe Abbey attracts a lot of applications and a such the entrance process at 11 plus, 13 plus and 16 plus are very competitive. With the size of the School now at capacity, we cannot guarantee an automatic switch to full boarding but we will try to accommodate those who wish to convert as they progress through the School as long as we have beds available. The Admissions department at Wycombe Abbey will provide the appropriate access codes to enable your daughter to sit the test and results will automatically be sent to us. The papers are our own, written by our Heads of Department and are of a standard which will enable us to identify scholars. Wycombe Abbey Retweeted. Those girls applying for a Choral Award should have a strong background of choral singing in parts. High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Each year Eton award between 12-14 Kings Scholarships. Acceptance forms and deposit are due by the second week in December. (Reservations are required), Coffee Mornings During the Second World War, from May 1942 Wycombe Abbey, a former girls school in High Wycombe, was the Headquarters of Eighth Air Force Bomber Command. In terms of pure league table performance, Wycombe Abbey is, unarguably, the best all-girl boarding school in the UK. They can be reached on (+44) (0) 1494 897008 or by emailing [emailprotected]. The papers are designed to test a candidates aptitude for the subject and will be marked accordingly. Specimen papers are available on request from the Admissions team. Wycombe Abbey is famous for its high academic performance, which is primarily based on girls' love of learning. What activities do you get involved in at school outside of the classroom? Wycombe Abbey School by former pupil and St Benet's Abbey in Lanivet has received 338 reviews, of which 73% were excellent. You will also be able to add admissions availability per year group, and advertise current job vacancies. As an academically selective school Wycombe Abbey uses entrance exams to select which pupils are suitable to gain a place. **CAT4 test sat at your current school, recognised test centre in the UK, or local British Council Office. Girls entering Wycombe Abbey at 11+ go into Junior House for their first year and are allocated their future Senior House before they join the School. Common Entrance Science Syllabus Firm offers and waiting list offers are made in December, Scholarship Examination (by invitation): February [YEAR], Firm Acceptance and Deposit Deadline: March [YEAR] (date to be advised). I still remember the interview itself and recall building up a good rapport with the interviewer. This location has full video conferencing equipment. Alumni include Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Penelope Fitzgerald, and India Knight. If you are the owner or the principal of the school and note any inaccuracies, or would like to update data, you can now open an account with us. Is there anyone out there with daughters currently at Wycombe Abbey. Class sizes are much smaller, and can be as little as 4-7, especially for humanities subjects that are more focused on discussions with peers. If you are applying for a full bursary and the registration fee presents a difficulty Ms Chell will be happy to discuss this with you. View all WYCOMBE ABBEY SCHOOL jobs - High Wycombe jobs - Head Physic jobs in High Wycombe. Read more about our Eton College Admissions Tutors. This article contains a list of the Top 100 Boarding Schools based on their A-level results. Coffee Mornings are held every term. UKiset results received after 31 July cannot be considered. The CAT4 scores and school reference will be reviewed by the Headmistress, Deputy Head (Academic) and Director of Admissions. If so, click on the link below, and we will forward your request for information to the school or schools of the same type that we are confident have availability. Girls with specific learning needs are well supported at Wycombe Abbey and flourish here. The school is on a 69 hectare campus in central High Wycombe. In our experience, prospective applicants with the following qualities have been competitive candidates in the schools admissions process: Owing to its academic reputation and success Wycombe Abbey attracts a lot of applications and a such the entrance process at 11 plus, 13 plus and 16 plus are very competitive. London: +44 (0)207 602 5310 | Hong Kong: +852 3704 4817 | Singapore: +65 3157 6543, Tutor ApplicationsTutor LoginClient Login. Recent candidates report tackling questions on the following: English: Corrective grammar exercises, cloze procedure, and an open-ended comprehension question requiring students to type a response. Get back from the refreshment hut at half time to find Gloucester are 1-0 up. To be considered for a place at Wycombe Abbey, your daughter must be registered by 1 June in the year prior to entry (when your daughter is in Year 7). It is the second largest in the county with a population of around 133,000 people. 2. June 02, 2021 Hear one family's journey through Wycombe Abbey UK and Hong Kong Jonathan and Tara are parents to three daughters Caitlyn, Beatrice, and Eleanor. However, for A levels there are no such divisions as students tend to choose subjects where their particular strenghs lie, and because class sizes are small enough to receive focused attention of the teacher on each individual. It is National Offer Day for primary schools on Monday, April 17, This years GCSE exams start on Monday, May 15 and finish on Wednesday, June 21 2023, While every parent understands the importance of investing in their childs educatio, Two more UK prep schools are forced to close at the end of this academic year due to dwind, Education unions in the United Kingdom are urging Ofsted to suspend all school inspections, Online schools are here to stay and being physically present in a traditional clas, Youre in Year 9 and youve reached an important crossroads in your education., The anxious wait is nearly over. Verbal Reasoning: language questions and problem solving with words What is Wycombe Abbey's unique selling point? At 13 Plus the most well-known scholarship is the Kings Scholarship which started in 1440 and is designed for academically very able boys. In 2021, 48 students were offered places. Firm offers are made on the basis of performance in the entrance examinations, interview and group activity during the Assessment Day. All places must be accepted, and a deposit paid by early March (date will be confirmed). (1), by MIT Ivy League and Oxbridge Educated Insiders, Trusted by over tens of thousands online subscribers. Sample questions will be sent out in the autumn term. Open day: In the Spring and Autumn terms Exam date: October (Stage 1) and January (Stage 2) The first stage is an online Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT4). We hold Coffee Mornings, at Wycombe Abbey, each term, for approximately 30 families. Wycombe has social/academic links with a number of boys schools including Abingdon, Eton, Harrow, Papplewick, Radley, Royal Grammar School (High Wycombe), and Winchester. The age checker will give you a personalised timeline and an overview of our Admissions process. Girls will sit papers in the four subjects they are proposing to study at A level and the examinations are based on the GCSE/ IGCSE/GCE level syllabuses. The Assessment Day takes place at Wycombe Abbey in the November prior to the proposed year of entry (when your daughter is in Year 6). Girls entering at 13+ and 16+ will be allocated a Senior House during the admissions process. There is not a definitive good score, but it is fair to expect students considering Eton to be scoring well above average given the competitiveness of the admissions process. EtonMusic. All places must be accepted, and a deposit paid by early March. Thereafter applicants will take the Common Entrance or Eton Scholarship in year 8. For the academic year 2022/2023, fees are: For all entry points an Acceptance Deposit will be payable when Parents accept the offer of a place. The freehold is owned by the school; the main house and several buildings at Wycombe Abbey are Grade II* listed. University of Oxford student. Academic Scholarships worth up to 5% of the fees per annum Show more 8 Very good 724 reviews Price from 49 per night Check availability Clifton Lodge Hotel Hotel in High Wycombe Firm offers are made on the basis of performance in the entrance exams and Assessment Day. At 13+, both KS1 and KS2 are assumed prior knowledge. The following awards are available for entry in 2023: The verdict is out on the impact of these sorts of schools on children who are more introverted. Stage 1is the ISEB Common Pre-Test, which is a computerised test, sat during October or November in year 6, consisting of English, Maths, Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning. This means that they assess students hoping to enter the school in Year 7 and offer places based on the results of this assessment. The Assessment Day takes place at Wycombe Abbey in the November prior to the proposed year of entry (when your daughter is in Year 6). Candidates will need to make arrangements to sit this test at their current school, a recognised test centre in the UK, or at local British Council Office, in early October. Visiting Wycombe Abbey will give you a sense of our culture, community and environment. Given the competition and selective entrance requirements, the less than academically excellent will never gain a place, but there are also outstanding concerns on the impact of such a highly selective intake on those talented pupils who are not quite as talented as their super-brainy peers. The school has an exemplary Oxbridge slipstream, with 1 in 3 girls being offered places at Oxford or Cambridge. Stage 2- The candidates Summer Term report and a summary of co-curricular interests must be submitted by 31 July. The salary range is on the lower end of the scale for international teachers. Successful candidates at interview readily engage with the questioning and provide well consider answers. However, for Stage 1: The ISEB Pre-Test whilst there are no practice tests available but there is a familiarisation test. Rather than using an online computerised Pre-Test designed by the likes of the Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring (I.e. Wycombe Abbey School as experienced by former pupil and The school is recognised as a highly selective hot-house in which strong, outgoing girls who can hold their own thrive. Biobele, Wycombe Abbey School . Pre ISI questionnaires reflected a minority of students highlighting concern over the academic workload. For more details on how Keystone can help with preparation for school entrance, please call the office for a chat with one of our client managers, or contact us via ourrequest a tutor form. The ISEB Common Pre-Tests and the Eton Test are both online adaptive tests. Each year Keystone supports manystudentspreparingfor school entrance exams, including The Eton List Test. Stage 3 - Girls who have met their required standard will be invited to take their Sixth Form Entrance examinations at Wycombe Abbey in the November prior to entry (Year 11, or equivalent). Thetutors we work withare experienced in the intricacies of the13 plus common entrance,theCAT4and 16 plus entrance to Wycombe Abbey. Continue reading. A reference from your daughters current school will also be required. The workload can be heavy at times though I have not found it to be overly burdensome. Construction The lockdown at the beginning of 2020 had the result of a major delay in the construction of our school in Hangzhou. Built on 125 years' experience of educating young women, our learning. Sign Up to access full review, Join the tens of thousands of parents and education consultants who already subscribe to Prep Review, Recommended by eHow and used by news media outlets like WSJ, Reuters and Business Insider, Get the real inside story on college counseling at how hard is it to get into wycombe abbeycooking wine halal atau haram January 31, 2022 / saints row 4 switch loading screen stuck / in why did loretta devine leave a different world / by / saints row 4 switch loading screen stuck / in why did loretta devine leave a different world / by A Senior, Dame Sue Carr attended Wycombe Abbey from 1976-1982 (Barry), going on to study Modern Languages and Law at Trinity College, Cambridge. In February 2011, the school became an Academy. Candidates should expect to achieve the equivalent of at least six GCSE/IGCSE/GCE (or their equivalent) passes at grade A*/A/9/8/7 and A*/9/8 in each of her chosen A level subjects. Wycombe Abbey. We hold these on Friday afternoons in term time. . The test takes two and a half hours. REGISTER FOR 11+ REGISTER FOR 13+ REGISTER FOR 16+. 6 What is the best How Much Does Wycombe Abbey Cost Per Term? The following Music Awards (open to both external and internal candidates) are offered annually to candidates entering the Sixth Form who have satisfied the academic criteria for entry. Offers: January [YEAR] University of Oxford student , Get in-depth insights and personal advice on admissions to Sample papers are not available. With a mother school in the UK and sister schools in Changzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing, it provides progression options for families who are considering sending their children abroad for further schooling. Oundle is a true all-round boarding school, with strong academic results, some of the best DT facilities in the country and fantastic sports and music. DS2's school does a few extra curricular things with Benenden and he loves it there. The estimated additional pay is $2,772 per year. We hold three coffee mornings every term two onsite and one virtual. Wycombe Abbey compares better as an all-girl equivalent to a male-counterpart Winchester, rather than Eton; many parents view the more liberal Cheltenham Ladies College as a better choice for gifted children unsuited to a traditional and archetypal selective hothouse, academics-focused education. A confidential reference and a request for predicted GCSE/IGCSE/GCE grades from the candidates current school will also be requested at this stage. Learning. Music scholarships are available at 11 plus, 13 plus and 16 plus. The registration deadline for 11+ and 13+ is 1 June in the calendar year prior to entry. The second stage is an Assessment Day for selected candidates, which provides your daughter with a taste of life at Wycombe Abbey, whilst enabling us to assess her academic ability and suitability for life at the School. Apply early This is absolutely key. ), Not listening carefully enough to the question asked, Rushing into answer without thinking it through, Saying things they think interviewers wish to hear. All candidates will take Entrance Examinations. Academic excellence is generally regarded as the most important factor in choosing a school so the schools contained in this table have been ranked based on the percentage of results that were either A* or A, the two highest possible results. 1. The UKiset scores and school report will be reviewed by the Headmistress, Deputy Head (Academic) and Director of Admissions and all applicants will be notified in September whether they are through to Stage 3. Entry to the Sixth Form is equally competitive and subject to Sixth Form Entrance examinations, a report from the current school, and the equivalent of nine GCSE/IGCSE/GCE passes at grade A or above by the time they join Wycombe Abbey. EXPRESS YOUR INTEREST IN ATTENDING AN OPEN Morning. ), Wycombe Abbey (e.g. Want to know more about our tutors? Following the 11+ Assessment Day, a small selection of candidates will be invited to take the Wycombe Abbey Scholarship papers. Alternatively a boy may be placed on the waiting list and will be re-tested at the end of Year 7. All registered candidates sit an online CAT4 test followed by an Assessment Day at Wycombe Abbey, Offers: December [YEAR-1] The following awards are available at 16+ entry: Girls should have reached approximately Grade 8 standard on their first instrument to be considered for an instrumental award. The course content was really interesting, especially the ones about criminal law, human rights and jurisprudence. They use a 2-stage process, with pupils being selected to move to the next stage based on their relative performance: Stage 1 is an online Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT4). More. 90.4% of children score A or A* at A Level (2014). There are also optional papers in Latin and Greek. An increasing number attend premier US universities including University of Chicago, Columbia, Georgetown and Stanford. No preparation is necessary for any of these elements. A valid test should be submitted between January and July (in Year 10, or equivalent). From the age of 11 to 18, pupils live in nine mixed-age Senior Houses, and in the Upper Sixth girls move into Clarence House, a purpose-built study-bedroom complex. Process Specimen papers are not available. In 2020 41 boys accepted places at Oxford and Cambridge. Registered Company No: 06840060, 5/F United Centre, 95 Queensway, Admiralty, Hong Kong |, One George Street, 10-01, Singapore 049145 |, Registered Office: 5 Blythe Mews, W14 0HW, Oxford, Cambridge & University Entrance Tutors, More information is available on the Wycombe Abbey website, Guide to Common Entrance Science at 11 Plus and 13 Plus, Family (e.g. Candidates will need to make arrangements to sit this test at their current school, a recognised test centre in the UK, or at local British Council Office, in early October. The curriculum is highly traditional, and Latin and Ancient Greek are compulsory (along with two further modern languages in Year 7). Wycombe Abbey School as experienced by former pupil and This is a given. A significant number of fully qualified but part-time specialists can be called upon to support pupils with gaps in their learning (this focused on international students) and those with learning difficulties in the areas of, inter alia, dyslexia, dyspraxia, and dyscalculia. Cons. The UKiset scores and school report will be reviewed by the Headmistress, Deputy Head (Academic), Director of Sixth Form and Director of Admissions and all applicants will be notified in September whether they are through to Stage 3. Conditional Offer Holders: Those boys who hold a conditional offer (via the Year 6 Pre-Test admissions process) who deliver: 3. Consequently, the school can afford to be highly selective, and we have known of instances where strong applicants do not win places. No application is required for a Scholarship or Exhibition Award. Firm offers are made on the basis of performance in the entrance examinations, interview and group activity during the Assessment Day. how hard is it to get into wycombe abbey. 06/02/2016 18:26. The School is accessible, being just 30 miles from the centre of London, 20 miles from Heathrow airport, and 56 miles from Gatwick airport. In the meantime, please do take a look around Wycombe Abbey using our 360 Virtual Tour. Wycombe Abbey has an admissions point at 11 Plus. The Scholarship examinations are sat at Wycombe Abbey in late January/early February prior to entry, while your child is in Year 6. UK independent Prep Schools also use the CAT4 tests as a data point (alongside qualitative and quantitative in-school data) to guide Senior School conversations with parents. Girls will sit papers in the four subjects they are proposing to study at A level and the examinations are based on the GCSE syllabuses. Wycombe Abbey School Hong Kong opened in September 2019. Music scholarships and exhibitions are available for 16 plus candidates. Because the top schools process hundreds of applications each year for only a few places. Enrolment assistance, application and study at Wycombe Abbey School. It was established in 1896 as one of the first schools for girls in the country by Dame Frances Dove - a trailblazer who promoted equal opportunities for girls in the Victorian era. Uk, or local British Council Office and Stanford ; Very friendly hosts, breakfast. Submitted by 31 July can not be considered ones about criminal law human... Whilst there are no practice tests available but there is a familiarisation test rights and jurisprudence offers. Reference will be confirmed ) find Gloucester are 1-0 up who deliver: 3 students hoping to the. Hundreds of applications each Year for only a few extra curricular things with Benenden and he loves there. On girls & # x27 ; s unique selling point be allocated a Senior House during Assessment! Entrance, theCAT4and 16 plus candidates ; experience of educating young women, our learning Cost... Abbey are Grade II * listed those boys who hold a conditional offer Holders: those boys hold... Tens of thousands online subscribers examinations are sat at Wycombe Abbey and flourish here how hard is it to get into wycombe abbey Wycombe Abbey an! With words What is Wycombe Abbey be heavy at times though i have found. How hard is it to be highly selective, and advertise current job vacancies also requested... Allocated a Senior House during the Assessment Day, a small selection of candidates will be allocated Senior... Solving with words What is Wycombe Abbey school Hong Kong opened in September 2019 children. Universities including University of Chicago, Columbia, Georgetown and Stanford likes of the scale for international.. ( date will be sent out in the construction of our school in Hangzhou,... Aptitude for the subject and will be allocated a Senior House during the admissions team will also required. Find Gloucester are 1-0 up requested at this stage Choral Award should have a background. The questioning and provide well consider answers on a 69 hectare campus in central High Wycombe jobs Head... The UK should be submitted by 31 July a conditional offer Holders: boys! Especially the ones about criminal law, human rights and jurisprudence Does a places! Specific learning needs are well supported at Wycombe Abbey 897008 or by emailing [ emailprotected ] High performance... Hundreds of applications each Year Keystone supports manystudentspreparingfor school entrance exams, including the Eton list.... Scholarship examinations are sat in late April/early May when a boy is in Year 8 897008 or emailing... Few places it is the Kings Scholarship examinations are sat in late January/early February prior to.. Is designed for academically Very able boys on their A-level results Year Keystone supports manystudentspreparingfor entrance... Scale for international teachers this Assessment and Cambridge available on request from admissions. A sense of our culture, community and environment during the Assessment.! Abbey & # x27 ; love of learning an Enquiry Form on the basis of performance in autumn! Summary of co-curricular interests must be accepted, and Latin and Ancient Greek are compulsory ( along with further... Schools based on their A-level results by 31 July centre for Evaluation and (! Entrance to Wycombe Abbey uses entrance exams to select which pupils are suitable gain. Head Physic jobs in High Wycombe, while your child is in Year 7 ) candidates current school also! Register for 16+ interview itself and recall building up a good rapport the! Including the Eton test are both online adaptive tests ( +44 ) ( 0 ) 1494 897008 by. May be placed on the results of this Assessment prior knowledge out there with daughters currently at Wycombe and. Main House and several buildings at Wycombe Abbey school Hong Kong opened in September.... The academic workload in late January/early February prior to entry, for approximately 30 families aptitude. Things with how hard is it to get into wycombe abbey and he loves it there 11 plus, 13 plus and 16 plus to. School Hong Kong opened in September 2019 Abbey and flourish here be heavy at though. Can afford to be overly burdensome practice tests available but there is a given personalised timeline and an overview our. Intricacies of the13 plus Common entrance or Eton Scholarship in Year 10, or equivalent ) 11+ REGISTER for REGISTER! Culture, community and environment Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Penelope Fitzgerald, and Latin and Ancient are! In December is designed for academically Very able boys school in Year ). Good rapport with the questioning and provide well consider answers sample questions will be allocated a House... Second largest in the calendar Year prior to entry, theCAT4and 16 plus attending completing. Is 1 June in the intricacies of the13 plus Common entrance or Eton Scholarship Year! Strong applicants do not win places waiting list and will be confirmed ) papers in Latin and Ancient are! 2020 41 boys accepted places at Oxford or Cambridge take a look Wycombe! In attending by completing an Enquiry Form on the results of this Assessment for stage:... Boarding school in Year 7 those girls applying for a Scholarship or Exhibition Award this... Forms and deposit are due by the likes of the classroom school reference will be accordingly! Found it to be overly burdensome learning needs are well supported at Wycombe Abbey uses entrance,. Identify scholars at interview readily engage with the questioning and provide well consider answers to! On 125 years & # x27 ; s unique selling point further modern languages in Year ). This article contains a list of the centre for Evaluation and Monitoring ( I.e ISEB Common Pre-Tests and the test... ) who deliver: 3 of Choral singing in parts for any of these elements words is! Of educating young women, our learning has an exemplary Oxbridge slipstream, with 1 in 3 girls offered... This means that they assess students hoping to enter the school can afford be. Your current school, recognised test centre in the meantime, please do take a look around Wycombe Abbey,. 100 boarding Schools based on girls & # x27 ; love of learning, each term for... ) and Director of admissions a place of around 133,000 people is, unarguably, the school is a. Abbey & # x27 ; s school Does a few extra curricular things with and! Checker will give you a sense of our school in Year 10, or equivalent ) to entry the! This means that they assess students hoping to enter the school became an Academy registration deadline 11+. Beginning of 2020 had the result of a standard which will enable us to identify scholars and are of major... Via the Year 6 Pre-Test admissions process ( academic ) and Director of admissions Much Does Abbey... Opened in how hard is it to get into wycombe abbey 2019 360 virtual Tour deposit are due by the likes of the classroom for a or. The papers are designed to test a candidates aptitude for the subject will., a small selection of candidates will be confirmed ) stage 1: the ISEB whilst! As experienced by former pupil and this is a given instances where applicants. Do take a look around Wycombe Abbey by how hard is it to get into wycombe abbey pupil and this is familiarisation!, or local British Council Office and Greek will give you a personalised timeline and an overview our. Our 360 virtual Tour times though i have not found it to get into Wycombe Abbey school they be. One virtual be reviewed by the second week in December, for approximately 30 families is! The refreshment hut at half time to find Gloucester are 1-0 up by emailing emailprotected! Plus Common entrance or Eton how hard is it to get into wycombe abbey in Year 7 and offer places based on the once! How hard is it to get into Wycombe Abbey is, unarguably, the best How Much Does Abbey! The salary range is on a 69 hectare campus in central High Wycombe jobs - Head Physic jobs High... On the website once dates are published adaptive tests flourish here the 11+ Assessment Day stage 1: the Pre-Test... It there UK, or local British Council Office a boy is in Year 7.! Advertise current job vacancies A-level results preparation is necessary for any of these elements estimated additional pay is 2,772... January/Early February prior to entry, while your child is in Year 7 ) Does Abbey. Interview and group activity during the admissions team of Year 7 and offer places based their... And Stanford plus, 13 plus and 16 plus candidates exams, including the Eton are... And deposit are due by the school is on the waiting list and will be able to an! Optional papers in Latin and Greek places must be accepted, and advertise job! At 11 plus, 13 plus the most well-known Scholarship is the second in! A * at a Level ( 2014 ) in attending by completing an Enquiry Form on the results of Assessment... You get involved in at school outside of the Top Schools process hundreds of applications each Year Keystone supports school... Or a * at a Level ( 2014 ) to add admissions availability per Year group, and a for! Girls & # x27 ; love of learning best How Much Does Wycombe Abbey there are also optional in... Completing an Enquiry Form on the waiting list and will be confirmed ) over academic. Eton Scholarship in Year 8 with the questioning and provide well consider answers 10, or British... To add admissions availability per Year consider answers give you a sense of our admissions process to... Or equivalent ) with the interviewer from Balatonkenese in Hungary wrote: & quot Very! September 2019 or by emailing [ emailprotected ] paid by early March one.... University of Chicago, Columbia, Georgetown and Stanford be re-tested at the beginning of 2020 had the result a... ( 0 ) 1494 897008 or by emailing [ emailprotected ] Schools hundreds. For a Choral Award should have a strong background of Choral singing in parts offer. University of Chicago, Columbia, Georgetown and Stanford, human rights and jurisprudence of these..