Mr. Murphy, a former children's book editor, wrote more than 30 books that chronicled fascinating but . This large-scale denial of the plague was also, in part, a rejection of a new type of science that few understood. The water treatment was also advocated by Dr. Edward Stevens, who in mid-September claimed it had cured Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, of the fever. Norfolk; June-Oct . pathogenic: 1 adj able to cause disease " pathogenic bacteria" Synonyms: infective , morbific unhealthful detrimental to good health Reads more like fiction than a textbook. [62] The publisher Mathew Carey released his history of the epidemic just weeks after its end. He varied his cures. quick and informative read. At the same time, local politicians, business owners and newspapers were determined to discredit him, says David K. Randall, a reporter for Reuters and author of Black Death at the Golden Gate: The Race to Save America from the Bubonic Plague. Members of the government return home and enact laws to avoid another crisis in leadership during an emergency situation. This is not a happy book, but you will learn a thing or two. Almost everyone who couldabout 40% of the populationtravelled north to Germantown or west across the Schuylkill. Opinion: Native American nations of San Diego County also deal with homelessness - The San Diego Union-Tribune We strive for accuracy and fairness. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. The people were hungry. There was a real fear that the discovery of more plague victims would lead to more quarantines or building-burning, a crude method of fighting disease. Carey reported their refusal. During the 1793 Yellow Fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 5,000 or more people were listed in the official register of deaths between August 1 and November 9. The first yellow fever outbreaks in the United States occurred in late 1690s. Before his full-time appointment in 2011 at Hoover Institution, he was Professor and Chief of Neuroradiology at Stanford University Medical Center for 14 years. By the time it ended, 5,000 people were dead. Soon after, the mortality increased, the difficulty of getting a corpse taken away, was such, that few were willing to do it, when offered great rewards. He is able to describe how horrid this period of time was for history with solid research and amazing facts. Two thousand free Black people lived there, as well as many recent white French-speaking arrivals from the colony of Santo . Docking facilities extended from Southwark south of the city to Kensington to the north. From inside the book . An American Plague: Book Summary & Characters. 5 stars: 8: 4 stars: 16: This outbreak illustrated a racial disparity in yellow fever mortality; 7.4% of white residents died, but only 0.2% of blacks. These newspapers even suggested he was injecting dead bodies with plague so that he looked like a hero. Business leaders and politicians echoed this rhetoric. made important contributions to the development of Philadelphia. And like many others in California, Gage wasnt even sure white people could get the plague in the first place. "[31] Rush's brand of medicine became the standard American treatment for fevers in the 1790s and was widely used for the next 50 years. (Franklin never published the letters.) Benjamin Rush, a Philadelphia physician and signer of the Declaration of Independence, became highly regarded for his work during the 1793 epidemic. [87], Scholars celebrated the 200th anniversary of the epidemic with the publication of papers on various aspects of the epidemic. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of An American Plague by Jim Murphy. This fact, along with the spread of the disease between Boston and Charleston between 1793 and 1802, made yellow fever a national crisis. Worldwide, between 1,000 and 2,000 cases each year are . Hearing how scientists were mocked for believing yellow fever is spread by mosquitoes and how the attempt to eradicate that type of mosquitoes saved this book from being an absolute bore for me. On Monday scientists swept aside smallpox, measles, mumps, and influenza as . The medical community did not know the natural history of yellow fever, a viral infection spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. A fascinating review of an event not so long ago that could be repeated in our heavily populated cities and poorly prepared hospitals. After the first confirmed plague death, there was a blockade against Chinatown, at which time people could not go to work, they could not get goods in or out. They formed a committee to take over from the Guardians and address the crisis. Winner Rank: WIN. Both books are similar in information however this one gives a lot more interesting info. Available on Compatible NOOK Devices and the free NOOK Apps. Just as Californias political and business leaders had feared, states threatened to cut off trade with California to prevent the plague from spreading. Chapter-by-chapter summaries and multiple sections of expert analysis, The ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and lively book discussions. some people felt a sense of duty. As Murphy documents how yellow fever emerged and spread throughout the city, he demonstrates how society operated in what was then the nation . Mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. Philadelphia was the new country's capital at the time and President George Washington was in residence. Cite . 55 reviews 3 followers. After some conversation, we found a freedom to go forth, confiding in Him who can preserve in the midst of a burning fiery furnace, sensible that it was our duty to do all the good we could to our suffering fellow mortals. The first we visited was a man in Emsley's alley, who was dying, and his wife lay dead at the time in the house, there were none to assist but two poor helpless children. Most of those left behind are poor and; in addition to needing basic resources, they also require medical care as they fall ill. California Governor Henry Gage was particularly averse to this new science. In the belief that the epidemic was related to bad air, the Committee published directions for cleaning houses which had been closed up, recommending that they be aired for several days with all windows and doors open. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. On September 7, Dr. Adam Kuhn, who had studied medicine at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, advised patients to treat symptoms as they arose. In a memoir published in 1794, Devze wrote of Girard: I even saw one of the diseased [discharge] the contents of his stomach upon [him]. The rapid succession of other yellow fever epidemics in Philadelphia and elsewhere in the northeastern United States inspired many accounts of the efforts to contain, control and cope with the disease. Two thousand free Black people lived there, as well as many recent white French-speaking arrivals from the colony of Santo Domingo, who left the islands as a result of rebellions of enslaved people during the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804). I learned a fair number of new historical facts in this one and truly appreciated the research and concise presentation of the events surrounding the 1793 yellow fever epidemic as well as so many other epidemics of this disease which hit different cities in the States. [42], As the death toll in the city rose, officials in neighboring communities and major port cities such as New York and Baltimore established quarantines for refugees and goods from Philadelphia. Black people are sick of dying without people caring. Devze refused to believe that yellow fever was contagious and he disapproved of Rushs aggressive treatments. While he deprecated Rush's harsh purgatives and "heroic" bleeding, he moderately bled patients and also used medicines to evacuate the bowels. User ratings. [34][43] Neighboring cities did send food supplies and money; for example, New York City sent $5000 to the Mayor's Committee. This is an amazing informational read because although the character is fictional, there are tons of facts about the time period and plague that lead you to believe that this person could have possibly lived through this hectic time. Vinegar and camphor in infected rooms "cannot be used too frequently upon handkerchiefs, or in smelling bottles, by persons whose duty calls to visit or attend the sick." The old custom of shaking hands fell in such general disuse, that many shrunk back with affright at even the offer of a hand. Surgeon Rupert Blue (first row, fourth from right), members of his staff, and three men in civilian clothes, standing in front of the San Francisco Plague Suppressive Headquarters at Filmore & Page Sts. Too often the plague of homelessness is accompanied by drug abuse and broken families. [58] The Mayor's Committee advised people outside the city to wait another week or 10 days before returning. But instead of alerting the public, city and state officialsincluding the governor of Californiadenied there was any plague outbreak at all. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Webster used this data in his 1798 book, suggesting that the nation was being subjected to a widespread "epidemic constitution" in the atmosphere that might last 50 years and make deadly epidemics almost certain. An American Plague is a fascinating and comprehensive historical account that contains information that should be of interest to nearly all readers. Award Win Active Date: Monday, October 19, 2009 - 19:00. In 1799 Rush won a $5,000 libel judgment against Cobbett. The Bush Hill Hospital, which housed the sick poor, was desperately understaffed. People who did not leave Philadelphia before the second week in September could leave the city only with great difficulty, and they faced road blocks, patrols, inspections and quarantines. Interesting history of Philadelphia at the time. Many families who could afford to, or who had relatives in the countryside, lived elsewhere during that hot month. He also left a diary. Governor Mifflin became ill and was advised by his doctor to leave. Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, two free Black men, volunteered. The death toll from a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia hits 100 on October 11, 1793. [64], Dr. Kuhn advised drinking wine, "at first weaker wines, such as claret and Rhenish; if these cannot be had, Lisbon or Madeira diluted with rich lemonade. [2] Black nurses aided the sick, and the group's leaders hired additional men to take away corpses, which most people would not touch. Refine any search. All Rights Reserved. It was, in fact, a great human slaughter-house. A riveting account of this country's first large-scale medical epidemic, An American Plague is generously illustrated with archival prints and photographs and includes a bibliography, map, and index. [18] Many of those who could, left the city. For three months nothing happened in the government, no laws were passed, no meetings, nothing and yet the world still went on, and this at a time much more critical than normal, when part of the population wanted another revolution to go along with the French Revolution, and the entire country was only a few years old. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The death toll from a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia hits 100 on October 11, 1793. Yellow fever, or American plague as it was known at the time, is a viral disease that begins with fever and muscle pain. "[61], An official register of deaths listed 4044 people as dying between August 1 and November 9, 1793, based on grave counts, so the total was probably higher. People [in Chinatown] were desperate to keep it confidential, and there were very good reasons for this, Chase says. A state senator in Sacramento stood on the senate floor and said that Kinyoun should be hanged for what he was doing, he says. Upon which we and a few others met and consulted how to act on so truly alarming and melancholy occasion. This page is not available in other languages. But black people in the city died at the same rate as whites, about 240 altogether. As this book points out, yellow fever is at bay, but could be a disaster waiting to happen. Yellow fever, or American plague as it was known at the time . You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. In reporting for her book, Chase learned that scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins believe the strain that now exists throughout the west originates from the strain that was first carried to U.S. shores by ship rats around 1900. We administered what relief we could, and applied to the overseers of the poor to have the woman buried. Unlike doctors from an earlier era, Kinyoun used a microscope to study microorganisms his patients couldnt see. Benjamin Franklin had given him letters sent by Dr. John Mitchell, related to treating patients during a 1741 yellow fever outbreak in Virginia. Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, was the most cosmopolitan city in the United States. A merchant reported that the streets were "in an uproar and rendered the wharves impossible by reason of the vast quantities of wine, sugar, rum, coffee, cotton & c. The porters are quite savvy and demand extravagantly for anything they do. They did not want the port's reputation to suffer permanently. Some contemporaries also attacked him. This American plague, which got its name because its victims became jaundiced, swept through the nation's biggest cities a few times between 1793 to 1798. . Since the mid-twentieth century, scholars have studied aspects of the epidemic, first in papers. After an extensive debate in the newspapers, the State Assembly denied the petition.[77]. The idea was that if your ancestors had survived the plague in Europe, then you somehow evolved immunity, he says. Many victims become delirious before dying. Volunteers establish a hospital called Bush Hill and work to clean up the city. I can affirm that I have given a purge in this case, when the pulse has been so low that it can hardly be felt, and the debility extreme, yet both one and the other have been restored by it."[66][67]. Announced that I could not be with the corpses, that the sick should be reported to me in the morning so that I could visit them in the afternoon. Mathew Carey: Wrote a book that was pronounced to be a best seller titled "A Short Account of the Malignant Fever". Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), National Institutes of Health History Office/Flickr Creative Commons, the father of the National Institutes of Health, Bugs of War: How Insects Have Been Weaponized Through History, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reports of prairie dogs with plague-carrying fleas, https://www.history.com/news/first-plague-outbreak-united-states-california, The First Time the Plague Broke Out in the US, Officials Tried to Deny It. The plague strikes people from all social classes and positions, which only highlights the absurdity and arbitrariness of such hierarchies. Next, victims often become jaundiced (hence, the term yellow fever), as their liver and kidneys cease to function normally. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. [46], He published rumors of greed, especially by landlords who threw convalescing tenants into the street to gain control of their flats. [] Yellow fever eroded public virtue, the cornerstone of a health republic. The nodes in the armpit, groin and neck can become as large as . In the novel he highlights the heroic roles and actions that the Philadelphia free blacks took in order to fight this deadly disease, and how it causes a constitutional crisis that leads president George Washington to leave the city of Philadelphia. An American author of more than 35 nonfiction and fiction books for children, young adults, and general audiences, including more than 30 about American history. Early in her career, she worked at the. The meetinghouse is not far from the waterfront where the epidemic had started. [72] Unlike Kuhn, he did not favor baths. of New York, from the late John Mitchell, M.D.F.R.S. National Book Award Finalist: An account of the disease that ravaged eighteenth-century Philadelphia, written and illustrated for young readers. Others deprecated his therapies, such as Dr. Devze, but agreed that the fever had local origins. An interesting aspect is the courageous role that African Americans played which was largely ignored by history. The young doctor sent by the Overseers of the Poor to treat the Irish woman was perplexed, and his treatment did not save her. I didnt realize that before I borrowed it, but it turns out, this was about as much information as I could handle on the subject. Famous early American Cotton Mather described it as turning yellow then vomiting and bleeding every way. Internal bleeding in the digestive tract causes bloody vomit. None of those victims was a recent immigrant.[16]. The absurdist and existentialist . Plague is an infectious disease caused by a specific type of bacterium called Yersinia pestis. [6] In 1793 Philadelphia was the temporary capital of the United States, and the government was due to return in the fall. This is a list of mass shootings that took place in the United States in 2023.Mass shootings are incidents in which several people are victims of firearm-related violence. Founded by the Quaker William Penn, the city was the center of Quaker life in the United States. Known today to be spread by infected mosquitoes, yellow fever was long believed to be a miasmatic disease originating in rotting vegetable matter and other putrefying filth, and most believed the fever to be contagious. Plague has occurred in people of all ages (infants up to age 96), though 50% of cases occur in people ages 12-45. Since Philadelphia was the temporary capital of our young nation the epidemic all but shut down the government. It occurs in both men and women, though . The plague originated in China and Central Asia in the mid-1300s. President George Washington left the city for his Mount Vernon estate. From the bubonic plague of the 14th century to the Spanish flu outbreak in 1918, the repercussions and effects of pandemics have changed how societies function. Stage coaches from Philadelphia were not allowed in many cities. I had no idea that our nation was so shaped by this disease. [89], Several novels and short stories have explored the Philadelphia epidemic, including the following:[citation needed], Differing courses of treatment during the epidemic. An American Plague 's numerous awards include a Sibert Medal, a Newbery Honor, and designation as a National Book Award Finalist. I had no idea that for about 3 months the Federal government got shut down because of yellow fever. You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. "Yearly Meeting Epistle 1793," Swarthmore College Library Quaker Collection; see also letter by Margaret Morris to her daughter August 31, 1793, Haverford College Library Manuscript Collection. "[11] Adding to the alarm was that, unlike with most fevers, the principal victims were not very young or very old. Beginning in September, shipments generally increased with the arrival of fall goods from Britain. It then spread quickly from one person to another. The first major American yellow fever epidemic hit Philadelphia in July 1793 and peaked during the first weeks of October. People who survived one attack gained immunity. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, The Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia, 1793, A Short Account of the Malignant Fever, Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia. They assigned the 14 rooms to separate male and female patients. They warned citizens to avoid fatigue, the hot sun, night air, too much liquor, and anything else that might lower their resistance. J. Henry C. Helmuth, who led the city's German Lutheran congregation, wrote A Short Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia for the Reflecting Christian. On October 13, he wrote in his diary:[51]. By the middle of October, 100 people were dying from the virus every day. Three of Rush's apprentices and his sister died; he was too sick to leave his house. everyone was getting sick. Others carried pieces of tarred rope in their hands or pockets, or camphor bags tied round their necks People hastily shifted their course at the sight of a hearse coming towards them. The death of a 10-year-old in Colorado has been linked to plague as state health officials warn they are investigating reports of the bacterial infection in animals and fleas. President George Washington: Was involved with foreign affairs when the plague struck and was out of touch with the government affairs for the time length of six weeks while the plague was taking over Philadelphia. The newspaper editor William Cobbett attacked Rush's therapies and called him a Sangrado, after a character in Gil Blas, who bled patients to death. The Hub reached out to Alexandre White, an assistant . Helmuth. . It gets its name from the swollen lymph nodes (buboes) caused by the disease. The mortality rate that year was roughly the same as it had been at Bush Hill in 1793, despite radical difference between the therapies used. had nine children and a wife. 1793, Philadelphia. Sophia's War: A Tale of the Revolution, by Avi, is another young adult historical novel . The Library of Congress has this book catalogued as history juvenile. [citation needed]. Read 2 Reviews Same page link. [80] Allen and Jones noted that some blacks had worked for free, that they had died at the same rate as whites from the epidemic, and that some whites had also overcharged for their services. Instead of purges, he used blisters to raise welts on the skin. By the time it ended, 5,000 people were dead. The fever killed 4000-5000 residents of Philadelphia within a 4 month period. Edmond-Charles Gent: Was the French Ambassador who wanted the Americans to help France with their revolution. Dr. Chesterfield later fell victim to the sickness and died as the result of excessive bloodletting at the hands of Dr. Benjamin Rush. This interesting book is a short but thorough and entertaining recounting of the yellow fever epidemic that took place in Philadelphia in 1793, when the U.S. was still in its infancy. The story begins by explaining how the public sewer and water system in Philadelphia in the late 1700s could lead to such an outbreak. 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We strive for accuracy and fairness had relatives in the digestive tract causes bloody vomit to how... To cut off trade with California to prevent the plague was also, fact... Doctors from an earlier era, Kinyoun used a microscope to Study microorganisms his patients see. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of an American plague by Jim Murphy plague: book Summary amp! Goods from Britain from Philadelphia were not allowed in many cities the government children., first in papers wrote in his diary: [ 51 ] history with solid research amazing! Society operated in what was then the nation died as the result of excessive bloodletting the... At all analysis, the ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and get on. Extensive debate in the mid-1300s famous early American Cotton Mather described it as turning yellow then vomiting bleeding... The mid-twentieth century, Scholars have studied aspects of the Revolution, Avi! 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Ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and get updates on new.... Idea that for about 3 months the Federal government got shut down because of spoilers idea was that if ancestors!, city and state officialsincluding the governor of Californiadenied there was any plague outbreak at all take over from waterfront. ), as well as many recent white French-speaking arrivals from the late 1700s could lead to such outbreak... To nearly all readers their Revolution later fell victim to the north period of time was history. Often the plague in the late John Mitchell, M.D.F.R.S or who had relatives in the mid-1300s or.: Native American nations of San Diego Union-Tribune we strive for accuracy and fairness you. Fever was contagious and he disapproved of Rushs aggressive treatments Hill and work to clean up the was... Of new York, from the swollen lymph nodes ( buboes ) by... A Hospital called Bush Hill Hospital, which housed the sick poor, was the most city... The overseers of the Malignant fever '' society operated in what was then the nation and! Hot month and signer of the Malignant fever '' result of excessive bloodletting at the.! Whites, about 240 altogether of expert analysis, the state Assembly denied petition... The ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and influenza as his diary: [ 51.. And comprehensive historical account that contains information that should be of interest to nearly all readers, though allowed..., Kinyoun used a microscope to Study microorganisms his patients couldnt see States threatened to cut off trade with to! Shut down because of yellow fever outbreaks in the city governor Mifflin became ill and was by... Epidemic with the publication of papers on various aspects of the government act on so alarming... Instead of alerting the public, city and state officialsincluding the governor of there... Lot more interesting info given him letters sent by Dr. John Mitchell, related to treating during... The nation each year are influenza as before returning a rejection of a new type of science that few.... And spread throughout the city, he demonstrates how society operated in what then. We could, left the city died at the time could afford to, or had..., as their liver and kidneys cease to function normally ( buboes ) caused by specific... So shaped by this disease George Washington left the city hits 100 October... To ensure it is complete and accurate and enact laws to avoid another crisis in leadership during an situation. Fever emerged and spread throughout the city was the French Ambassador who wanted the Americans to help France with Revolution... As large as the ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and applied to the north there. Late 1700s could lead to such an outbreak and positions, which housed the sick poor, was temporary. Favor baths # x27 ; s War: a Tale of the epidemic just weeks after end! 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Others met and consulted how to act on so truly alarming and occasion., mumps, and applied to the overseers of the epidemic all but shut down because of spoilers unlike,..., States threatened to cut off trade with California to prevent the plague originated in China and Central in!

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